What condition results from excessive exposure to fluoride?

Excessive exposure to fluoride, particularly during the formative years when teeth are developing, can lead to dental fluorosis. This condition is characterized by changes in the appearance of the enamel of the teeth, ranging from mild discoloration to pronounced staining and pitting in more severe cases. Fluoride is typically beneficial in preventing dental caries by strengthening tooth enamel, but an overabundance can disrupt the normal development process, resulting in the mottled enamel associated with fluorosis.

The other conditions mentioned—dental caries, gingivitis, and periodontitis—are either caused by bacterial infections or poor oral hygiene rather than fluoride exposure. Dental caries is the result of tooth decay due to plaque accumulation and acids produced by bacteria. Gingivitis refers to inflammation of the gums typically due to plaque buildup and is considered a reversible condition, while periodontitis is a more severe gum disease that can result in tooth loss if not managed properly, also unrelated to fluoride exposure. Therefore, the specific outcome of excess fluoride is dental fluorosis, confirming that the answer is indeed correct.